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watch details
Leroy 18K White Gold Marine Chronograph Gent's LL202-2. Black Dial
Estimated price for orientation: 13 500 $
Category: 1
Class:
Description Condition: New with tags: A brand-new, unused, and unworn item (including handmade items) in the original packaging (such as the original box or bag) and/or with the original tags attached. See all condition definitions- opens in a new window or tab ... Read moreabout the condition Brand: FP Journe Display: Analog Gender: Men's Band Material: Genuine Leather MPN: LL202-2 Style: Luxury: Dress Styles Features: Automatic, Independent Masterpiece, 18k white gold, Chronograph Year of Manufacture: 2010-Now Movement: Mechanical: Automatic Age: Modern (2000-present) UPC: Does not apply
Dial: Black Dial
Current Model. Reference LL202/2
Leroy has an annual production of 100-150 pieces. Very small and exclusive brand, and each piece is crafted to perfection using the best materials and techniques. Finishing is superb and comparable to the very best of the independent watch houses such as Laurent Ferrier, Phillippe Dufour, Guy Ellia, Christophe Claret, FP Journe.
Retail $42500 and rarely discounted.
The top management at Laurent Ferrier (which made the brand the most coveted independent brand) is now heading Leroy. The future of the brand is very bright.
100% Brand new. Complete with box and paper. Extremely stunning craftsmanship! All of our Leroy pieces come with 2 year stamped manufacturer warranty from the date of purchase, just like buying from a boutique at full retail price. We are the only dealer online who can offer the original manufacturer warranty on Leroy pieces
Weighs approximately 147 grams. Has a lot of gold content. Very hefty and well-constructed.
The watch brand for royalties and true connoisseurs of fine craftsmanship. It is with great excitement and pride that we are offering this ultra-high-end small production boutique brand Leroy. Crafting watches only in precious metal, Leroy has a very Small annual production of 100 - 150 pieces a year, often sold directly to private clients through high-end dealers. The brand has never been discounted. The brand is a rare collaboration between the Swiss and the French. Two ateliers located in Bienne, Switzerland, and Besancon, France - the cradle of high watch-making in France. Perfect harmony in traditional watch-making techniques, involving painstaking-attention to detail, classic guilloche on dial, flawless polishing of the case. Each watches exhibits classic and timeless design, utilizing the best watchmaking artisans. Each watch takes hundreds of hours to craft, hand-finish and regulate. The time-only and chronograph movements involve beautiful finishing and fine-tuning to the standards of National Observatory of Besancon, known for the gold standard for precision. These models come with the Besancon certificate as shown in the photo. The long production process results in more exclusive than most commercially available brands out there. With the ultra small production at the high-end level, unfortunately most people can’t have the opportunity to even look at a Leroy watch, but I recommend everybody to seek it out, should the opportunity ever arise. They are, in my opinion, one of the finest watch manufactures on the planet, and could represent an incredibly strong brand in the years to come, not unlike A. Lange & Sohne, Guy Ellia, Laurent Ferrier or FP Journe. In a world of watch snobs, Leroy is good as gold. Leroy only makes watch in precious metal, never in steel. Consistent with Leroy's value for highest level craftsmanship. All Leroy timepieces come in a heavy and luxurious wooden box crafted by one of the best high-end cabinet makers in the world, and made from expensive wood, and then hand finished. It is lined with leather, with golden metal hinges. Similar quality boxes would sell for $1000 on their own. Amazing! Please check out this video link for a documentary about the history of Leroy brand.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EGnZ9xbEd6g
The movement (calibre) of the deck chronometer has been manufactured in the Vallee de Joux, in teh heart of the Jura mountains of Switzerland. Each part of the movement is then assembled, regulated and finished in Besancon, France, by the master watchamkers of Les Ateliers L. Leory.
Materials and Case:
Men’s full size watch 43mm without crown 12.8 mm in thickness
18K white gold. Leroy has only made watches in gold and platinum. Weighs approximately 147 grams. Has a lot of gold content and very hefty for a watch on strap.
Stuning interplay of high polish, matte and brushed finish on the case. Tens of hours of painstaking hand-finishing work.
Hand-stitched high end crocodile strap with 18K buckle. Water resistant 100 meters. Amazing Movement with Technical Innovations:
Leroy automatic mechanical movement. Calibre L5511. Dual-register automatic chronograph with date at 6’O clock. 37 jewels. 40+ hour power reserve Chronograph system controlled by a column-wheel device
Automatic winding with central rotor in solid 18K gold. Beautiful movement - painstakingly finished with traditional Cote de Geneve, perlage and anglage patterns, and exhibit the gold standard of high watchmaking.
"KIF" shock protection system for the balance Fine regulation device for the balance Guilloche Dial: Beautiful hand-guilloche dial with vertical stripes. Blued-steel hands. Markers applied in precious Indian ink bleu-de-nuit 100% Brand New Condition: 100% brand new, comes with high-end luxurious L Leory collector's wooden box (made from the best wood, by master cabinet-maker) and all certificates/papers Includes a loupe, cleaning cloth, and leather travel case
Leroy warranty (the best warranty in the industry):
Phase 1: 2 years of international warranty from manufactur Phase 2: After phase 1 expires, for this new model, Leroy guarantees the watch will be serviceable indefinitely (for a nominal fee).
The serial numbers are on the dial (like Breguet), and sometimes are on the side of the case. To protect the potential buyer, I have blocked out the serial numbers in the photos.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
About the history of Leroy marine automatic deck chronometer:
"The automatic chronograph in the Marine line has been inspired by the famous deck chronometers used by sailors to check the time indicated by the on-board chronometer
Appointed official watchmaker to the Naval Ministry in 1835, Leroy held this prestigious title for longer than any other company in thsi field. Supplying more than thirty royal, imperial and national navies, as well as many merchant and military fleets around the world, the company produced more than 2,200 chronometers of all types dedicated to precision time keeping at sea before the introduction of radio-controlled and computer clocks." About Leroy the brand:
Leroy was founded in 1747 and is the oldest of all the top watch manufactures. In fact, it is older than Patek Phillippe, Vacheron Constantin, Breguet, and Audemars Piguet. Leroy has a venerable royal history. By 19th century, it was the most prestigious watchmaker in Europe. Appointment royal watchmaker by Louis 15 and Queen Elizabeth and King of Portugal. Throughout history, countless famous historical figures were clients of Leroy’s pocket watches and watches, as recorded in the company register. Owners of Leroy watches include, among artists and literary figures, Debussy, Chopin, Proust, Alexandre Dumas, Wagner, and Matisse; among statesman, Alphonse de Lamartine, Napoleon III, General De Gaulle, General Eisenhower, Roosevelt, and Churchill. Other famous clients include Alfred Nobel, St. Exupery, Lindberg, Paul-Emile Victor, Marcel Dassault, and the list goes on…
Historically, Leroy was far more famous, precious and horologically important than Breguet, as the premier choice for royalties.
The brand is a rare collaboration between the Swiss and the French. Two ateliers located in Bienne, Switzerland, and Besancon, France - the cradle of high watch-making in France.
The long production process results in more exclusive than most commercially available brands out there. About the technique of hand-guilloche used on all Leroy watch dials:
Astonishing in its beauty and precision, guilloche is one of watchmaking’s rarest art forms. Engraved patterns interlace, creating lines often so fine that they are barely visible to the naked eye. Created using a rose engine that dates back to the late 19th century, each line of guilloche is crafted by a master engraver, who skillfully controls the speed and pressue of the rose engine to ensure the flawless depth and symmetry of the pattern, representing traditional watchmaking excellence at its most exquisite. Those few master craftsman with the patience, dexterity and passion necessary to master the craft are as rare a breed as the rose engine themselves. Today, Switerzland has less than 10 full-time guillocheurs. Leroy especially champions and aims to preserve the art of guilloche and does that on all of its watch dials, as well as on automatic rotors with open display backs. No expense is spared in making these exquisite dials. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Shipping:
Free Shipping in the Continental US.
International shipping is $155. It includes insurance, which can be a bit high given the high value of it. I am only quoting the actual shipping and insurance price and never make money on the shipping. Thank you very much for your understanding!
Payment Methods: I can take PayPal(confirmed and verified address only) and can contact the winner bidder for other payment details and other payment alternatives for the winner's convenience.
I have 100% positive feedbacks on eBay, have sold many high value fine watches, so please buy with confidence! I DO NOT ACCEPT ANY KIND OF ESCROW SERVICE. Please only bid when you plan to pay. Thanks for your cooperation! For your safety: To protect you from fraudulent solicitors, I have made this auction private so your identities are not exposed to harm.
Description
| Condition: | New with tags: A brand-new, unused, and unworn item (including handmade items) in the original packaging (such as the original box or bag) and/or with the original tags attached. See all condition definitions- opens in a new window or tab ... Read moreabout the condition | Brand: | FP Journe |
| Display: | Analog | Gender: | Men's |
| Band Material: | Genuine Leather | MPN: | LL202-2 |
| Style: | Luxury: Dress Styles | Features: | Automatic, Independent Masterpiece, 18k white gold, Chronograph |
| Year of Manufacture: | 2010-Now | Movement: | Mechanical: Automatic |
| Age: | Modern (2000-present) | UPC: | Does not apply |
Dial: Black Dial
Current Model. Reference LL202/2
Leroy has an annual production of 100-150 pieces. Very small and exclusive brand, and each piece is crafted to perfection using the best materials and techniques. Finishing is superb and comparable to the very best of the independent watch houses such as Laurent Ferrier, Phillippe Dufour, Guy Ellia, Christophe Claret, FP Journe.
Retail $42500 and rarely discounted.
The top management at Laurent Ferrier (which made the brand the most coveted independent brand) is now heading Leroy. The future of the brand is very bright.
100% Brand new. Complete with box and paper. Extremely stunning craftsmanship! All of our Leroy pieces come with 2 year stamped manufacturer warranty from the date of purchase, just like buying from a boutique at full retail price. We are the only dealer online who can offer the original manufacturer warranty on Leroy pieces
Weighs approximately 147 grams. Has a lot of gold content. Very hefty and well-constructed.
The watch brand for royalties and true connoisseurs of fine craftsmanship. It is with great excitement and pride that we are offering this ultra-high-end small production boutique brand Leroy. Crafting watches only in precious metal, Leroy has a very Small annual production of 100 - 150 pieces a year, often sold directly to private clients through high-end dealers. The brand has never been discounted. The brand is a rare collaboration between the Swiss and the French. Two ateliers located in Bienne, Switzerland, and Besancon, France - the cradle of high watch-making in France. Perfect harmony in traditional watch-making techniques, involving painstaking-attention to detail, classic guilloche on dial, flawless polishing of the case. Each watches exhibits classic and timeless design, utilizing the best watchmaking artisans. Each watch takes hundreds of hours to craft, hand-finish and regulate. The time-only and chronograph movements involve beautiful finishing and fine-tuning to the standards of National Observatory of Besancon, known for the gold standard for precision. These models come with the Besancon certificate as shown in the photo. The long production process results in more exclusive than most commercially available brands out there. With the ultra small production at the high-end level, unfortunately most people can’t have the opportunity to even look at a Leroy watch, but I recommend everybody to seek it out, should the opportunity ever arise. They are, in my opinion, one of the finest watch manufactures on the planet, and could represent an incredibly strong brand in the years to come, not unlike A. Lange & Sohne, Guy Ellia, Laurent Ferrier or FP Journe. In a world of watch snobs, Leroy is good as gold. Leroy only makes watch in precious metal, never in steel. Consistent with Leroy's value for highest level craftsmanship. All Leroy timepieces come in a heavy and luxurious wooden box crafted by one of the best high-end cabinet makers in the world, and made from expensive wood, and then hand finished. It is lined with leather, with golden metal hinges. Similar quality boxes would sell for $1000 on their own. Amazing! Please check out this video link for a documentary about the history of Leroy brand.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EGnZ9xbEd6g
The movement (calibre) of the deck chronometer has been manufactured in the Vallee de Joux, in teh heart of the Jura mountains of Switzerland. Each part of the movement is then assembled, regulated and finished in Besancon, France, by the master watchamkers of Les Ateliers L. Leory.
Materials and Case:
Men’s full size watch 43mm without crown 12.8 mm in thickness
18K white gold. Leroy has only made watches in gold and platinum. Weighs approximately 147 grams. Has a lot of gold content and very hefty for a watch on strap.
Stuning interplay of high polish, matte and brushed finish on the case. Tens of hours of painstaking hand-finishing work.
Hand-stitched high end crocodile strap with 18K buckle. Water resistant 100 meters. Amazing Movement with Technical Innovations:
Leroy automatic mechanical movement. Calibre L5511. Dual-register automatic chronograph with date at 6’O clock. 37 jewels. 40+ hour power reserve Chronograph system controlled by a column-wheel device
Automatic winding with central rotor in solid 18K gold. Beautiful movement - painstakingly finished with traditional Cote de Geneve, perlage and anglage patterns, and exhibit the gold standard of high watchmaking.
"KIF" shock protection system for the balance Fine regulation device for the balance Guilloche Dial: Beautiful hand-guilloche dial with vertical stripes. Blued-steel hands. Markers applied in precious Indian ink bleu-de-nuit 100% Brand New Condition: 100% brand new, comes with high-end luxurious L Leory collector's wooden box (made from the best wood, by master cabinet-maker) and all certificates/papers Includes a loupe, cleaning cloth, and leather travel case
Leroy warranty (the best warranty in the industry):
Phase 1: 2 years of international warranty from manufactur Phase 2: After phase 1 expires, for this new model, Leroy guarantees the watch will be serviceable indefinitely (for a nominal fee).
The serial numbers are on the dial (like Breguet), and sometimes are on the side of the case. To protect the potential buyer, I have blocked out the serial numbers in the photos.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
About the history of Leroy marine automatic deck chronometer:
"The automatic chronograph in the Marine line has been inspired by the famous deck chronometers used by sailors to check the time indicated by the on-board chronometer
Appointed official watchmaker to the Naval Ministry in 1835, Leroy held this prestigious title for longer than any other company in thsi field. Supplying more than thirty royal, imperial and national navies, as well as many merchant and military fleets around the world, the company produced more than 2,200 chronometers of all types dedicated to precision time keeping at sea before the introduction of radio-controlled and computer clocks." About Leroy the brand:
Leroy was founded in 1747 and is the oldest of all the top watch manufactures. In fact, it is older than Patek Phillippe, Vacheron Constantin, Breguet, and Audemars Piguet. Leroy has a venerable royal history. By 19th century, it was the most prestigious watchmaker in Europe. Appointment royal watchmaker by Louis 15 and Queen Elizabeth and King of Portugal. Throughout history, countless famous historical figures were clients of Leroy’s pocket watches and watches, as recorded in the company register. Owners of Leroy watches include, among artists and literary figures, Debussy, Chopin, Proust, Alexandre Dumas, Wagner, and Matisse; among statesman, Alphonse de Lamartine, Napoleon III, General De Gaulle, General Eisenhower, Roosevelt, and Churchill. Other famous clients include Alfred Nobel, St. Exupery, Lindberg, Paul-Emile Victor, Marcel Dassault, and the list goes on…
Historically, Leroy was far more famous, precious and horologically important than Breguet, as the premier choice for royalties.
The brand is a rare collaboration between the Swiss and the French. Two ateliers located in Bienne, Switzerland, and Besancon, France - the cradle of high watch-making in France.
The long production process results in more exclusive than most commercially available brands out there. About the technique of hand-guilloche used on all Leroy watch dials:
Astonishing in its beauty and precision, guilloche is one of watchmaking’s rarest art forms. Engraved patterns interlace, creating lines often so fine that they are barely visible to the naked eye. Created using a rose engine that dates back to the late 19th century, each line of guilloche is crafted by a master engraver, who skillfully controls the speed and pressue of the rose engine to ensure the flawless depth and symmetry of the pattern, representing traditional watchmaking excellence at its most exquisite. Those few master craftsman with the patience, dexterity and passion necessary to master the craft are as rare a breed as the rose engine themselves. Today, Switerzland has less than 10 full-time guillocheurs. Leroy especially champions and aims to preserve the art of guilloche and does that on all of its watch dials, as well as on automatic rotors with open display backs. No expense is spared in making these exquisite dials. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Shipping:
Free Shipping in the Continental US.
International shipping is $155. It includes insurance, which can be a bit high given the high value of it. I am only quoting the actual shipping and insurance price and never make money on the shipping. Thank you very much for your understanding!
Payment Methods: I can take PayPal(confirmed and verified address only) and can contact the winner bidder for other payment details and other payment alternatives for the winner's convenience.
I have 100% positive feedbacks on eBay, have sold many high value fine watches, so please buy with confidence! I DO NOT ACCEPT ANY KIND OF ESCROW SERVICE. Please only bid when you plan to pay. Thanks for your cooperation! For your safety: To protect you from fraudulent solicitors, I have made this auction private so your identities are not exposed to harm.
Current Model. Reference LL202/2
Leroy has an annual production of 100-150 pieces. Very small and exclusive brand, and each piece is crafted to perfection using the best materials and techniques. Finishing is superb and comparable to the very best of the independent watch houses such as Laurent Ferrier, Phillippe Dufour, Guy Ellia, Christophe Claret, FP Journe.
Retail $42500 and rarely discounted.
The top management at Laurent Ferrier (which made the brand the most coveted independent brand) is now heading Leroy. The future of the brand is very bright.
100% Brand new. Complete with box and paper. Extremely stunning craftsmanship! All of our Leroy pieces come with 2 year stamped manufacturer warranty from the date of purchase, just like buying from a boutique at full retail price. We are the only dealer online who can offer the original manufacturer warranty on Leroy pieces
Weighs approximately 147 grams. Has a lot of gold content. Very hefty and well-constructed.
The watch brand for royalties and true connoisseurs of fine craftsmanship. It is with great excitement and pride that we are offering this ultra-high-end small production boutique brand Leroy. Crafting watches only in precious metal, Leroy has a very Small annual production of 100 - 150 pieces a year, often sold directly to private clients through high-end dealers. The brand has never been discounted. The brand is a rare collaboration between the Swiss and the French. Two ateliers located in Bienne, Switzerland, and Besancon, France - the cradle of high watch-making in France. Perfect harmony in traditional watch-making techniques, involving painstaking-attention to detail, classic guilloche on dial, flawless polishing of the case. Each watches exhibits classic and timeless design, utilizing the best watchmaking artisans. Each watch takes hundreds of hours to craft, hand-finish and regulate. The time-only and chronograph movements involve beautiful finishing and fine-tuning to the standards of National Observatory of Besancon, known for the gold standard for precision. These models come with the Besancon certificate as shown in the photo. The long production process results in more exclusive than most commercially available brands out there. With the ultra small production at the high-end level, unfortunately most people can’t have the opportunity to even look at a Leroy watch, but I recommend everybody to seek it out, should the opportunity ever arise. They are, in my opinion, one of the finest watch manufactures on the planet, and could represent an incredibly strong brand in the years to come, not unlike A. Lange & Sohne, Guy Ellia, Laurent Ferrier or FP Journe. In a world of watch snobs, Leroy is good as gold. Leroy only makes watch in precious metal, never in steel. Consistent with Leroy's value for highest level craftsmanship. All Leroy timepieces come in a heavy and luxurious wooden box crafted by one of the best high-end cabinet makers in the world, and made from expensive wood, and then hand finished. It is lined with leather, with golden metal hinges. Similar quality boxes would sell for $1000 on their own. Amazing! Please check out this video link for a documentary about the history of Leroy brand.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EGnZ9xbEd6g
The movement (calibre) of the deck chronometer has been manufactured in the Vallee de Joux, in teh heart of the Jura mountains of Switzerland. Each part of the movement is then assembled, regulated and finished in Besancon, France, by the master watchamkers of Les Ateliers L. Leory.
Materials and Case:
Men’s full size watch 43mm without crown 12.8 mm in thickness
18K white gold. Leroy has only made watches in gold and platinum. Weighs approximately 147 grams. Has a lot of gold content and very hefty for a watch on strap.
Stuning interplay of high polish, matte and brushed finish on the case. Tens of hours of painstaking hand-finishing work.
Hand-stitched high end crocodile strap with 18K buckle. Water resistant 100 meters. Amazing Movement with Technical Innovations:
Leroy automatic mechanical movement. Calibre L5511. Dual-register automatic chronograph with date at 6’O clock. 37 jewels. 40+ hour power reserve Chronograph system controlled by a column-wheel device
Automatic winding with central rotor in solid 18K gold. Beautiful movement - painstakingly finished with traditional Cote de Geneve, perlage and anglage patterns, and exhibit the gold standard of high watchmaking.
"KIF" shock protection system for the balance Fine regulation device for the balance Guilloche Dial: Beautiful hand-guilloche dial with vertical stripes. Blued-steel hands. Markers applied in precious Indian ink bleu-de-nuit 100% Brand New Condition: 100% brand new, comes with high-end luxurious L Leory collector's wooden box (made from the best wood, by master cabinet-maker) and all certificates/papers Includes a loupe, cleaning cloth, and leather travel case
Leroy warranty (the best warranty in the industry):
Phase 1: 2 years of international warranty from manufactur Phase 2: After phase 1 expires, for this new model, Leroy guarantees the watch will be serviceable indefinitely (for a nominal fee).
The serial numbers are on the dial (like Breguet), and sometimes are on the side of the case. To protect the potential buyer, I have blocked out the serial numbers in the photos.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
About the history of Leroy marine automatic deck chronometer:
"The automatic chronograph in the Marine line has been inspired by the famous deck chronometers used by sailors to check the time indicated by the on-board chronometer
Appointed official watchmaker to the Naval Ministry in 1835, Leroy held this prestigious title for longer than any other company in thsi field. Supplying more than thirty royal, imperial and national navies, as well as many merchant and military fleets around the world, the company produced more than 2,200 chronometers of all types dedicated to precision time keeping at sea before the introduction of radio-controlled and computer clocks." About Leroy the brand:
Leroy was founded in 1747 and is the oldest of all the top watch manufactures. In fact, it is older than Patek Phillippe, Vacheron Constantin, Breguet, and Audemars Piguet. Leroy has a venerable royal history. By 19th century, it was the most prestigious watchmaker in Europe. Appointment royal watchmaker by Louis 15 and Queen Elizabeth and King of Portugal. Throughout history, countless famous historical figures were clients of Leroy’s pocket watches and watches, as recorded in the company register. Owners of Leroy watches include, among artists and literary figures, Debussy, Chopin, Proust, Alexandre Dumas, Wagner, and Matisse; among statesman, Alphonse de Lamartine, Napoleon III, General De Gaulle, General Eisenhower, Roosevelt, and Churchill. Other famous clients include Alfred Nobel, St. Exupery, Lindberg, Paul-Emile Victor, Marcel Dassault, and the list goes on…
Historically, Leroy was far more famous, precious and horologically important than Breguet, as the premier choice for royalties.
The brand is a rare collaboration between the Swiss and the French. Two ateliers located in Bienne, Switzerland, and Besancon, France - the cradle of high watch-making in France.
The long production process results in more exclusive than most commercially available brands out there. About the technique of hand-guilloche used on all Leroy watch dials:
Astonishing in its beauty and precision, guilloche is one of watchmaking’s rarest art forms. Engraved patterns interlace, creating lines often so fine that they are barely visible to the naked eye. Created using a rose engine that dates back to the late 19th century, each line of guilloche is crafted by a master engraver, who skillfully controls the speed and pressue of the rose engine to ensure the flawless depth and symmetry of the pattern, representing traditional watchmaking excellence at its most exquisite. Those few master craftsman with the patience, dexterity and passion necessary to master the craft are as rare a breed as the rose engine themselves. Today, Switerzland has less than 10 full-time guillocheurs. Leroy especially champions and aims to preserve the art of guilloche and does that on all of its watch dials, as well as on automatic rotors with open display backs. No expense is spared in making these exquisite dials. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Shipping:
Free Shipping in the Continental US.
International shipping is $155. It includes insurance, which can be a bit high given the high value of it. I am only quoting the actual shipping and insurance price and never make money on the shipping. Thank you very much for your understanding!
Payment Methods: I can take PayPal(confirmed and verified address only) and can contact the winner bidder for other payment details and other payment alternatives for the winner's convenience.
I have 100% positive feedbacks on eBay, have sold many high value fine watches, so please buy with confidence! I DO NOT ACCEPT ANY KIND OF ESCROW SERVICE. Please only bid when you plan to pay. Thanks for your cooperation! For your safety: To protect you from fraudulent solicitors, I have made this auction private so your identities are not exposed to harm.